Mutane masu yawa suna fuskantar matsalolin yayin da suke ƙoƙarin kafa haɗin yanar gizo a Ubuntu. Mafi sau da yawa wannan shi ne saboda rashin kuskure, amma akwai wasu dalilai. Wannan labarin zai ba da umarni don kafa nau'in haɗin kai da dama tare da cikakken bayani game da matsalolin da za a iya aiwatarwa a aiwatar da aiwatarwa.
Harhadawa cibiyar sadarwar a Ubuntu
Akwai nau'in haɗin Intanit iri-iri, amma wannan labarin zai rufe mafi mashahuri: cibiyar sadarwa, PPPoE da DIAL-UP. Za a kuma sanar da shi game da tsarin raba na uwar garke na DNS.
Duba kuma:
Yadda za a ƙirƙirar ƙirar flash ta USB tare da Ubuntu
Yadda za a shigar da Ubuntu daga ƙwallon ƙafa
Ayyuka na shirye-shirye
Kafin ka fara kafa haɗin, ya kamata ka tabbatar cewa tsarinka ya shirya don wannan. Nan da nan ya zama dole a bayyana cewa dokokin da aka kashe a "Ƙaddara", sun kasu kashi biyu: suna buƙatar 'yancin mai amfani (a gabansu akwai alama $) da kuma buƙatar haƙƙin superuser (a farkon akwai alama #). Yi la'akari da wannan, domin ba tare da hakki ba, dole ne mafi yawan umarni su ƙi kashewa. Har ila yau, ya kamata a bayyana cewa haruffa kansu suna "Ƙaddara" babu buƙatar shiga.
Kuna buƙatar kammala yawan maki:
- Tabbatar cewa ana amfani da ayyukan da aka yi amfani dashi don haɗa kai tsaye zuwa cibiyar sadarwa. Alal misali, yin wani wuri ta hanyar "Ƙaddara"Ana bada shawara don musaki Injin Intanet (cibiyar sadarwa a ɓangaren dama na saman panel).
Lura: Dangane da matsayin haɗi, mai nuna alama na Mai sarrafa sadarwa zai iya bayyana daban, amma ana amfani da shi a hagu na mashaya.
Don musaki mai amfani, gudanar da umurnin mai zuwa:
$ sudo tashar cibiyar sadarwa-sarrafa
Kuma don gudu, zaka iya amfani da wannan:
$ sudo fara cibiyar sadarwa-sarrafa
- Tabbatar cewa an saita saita saitunan cibiyar sadarwa daidai, kuma bata tsangwama tare da daidaitattun cibiyar sadarwar ba.
- Ka kasance tare da ku takardun da suka dace daga mai badawa, wanda ya ƙayyade bayanan da ake buƙata don saita haɗin yanar gizo.
- Bincika direbobi don katin sadarwar da kuma daidaitaccen haɗin kebul na mai badawa.
Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, kana buƙatar sanin sunan adaftar cibiyar sadarwa. Don bincika, shigar da "Ƙaddara" wannan layi:
$ sudo lshw.c cibiyar sadarwa
A sakamakon haka, za ku ga wani abu kamar haka:
Duba kuma: Dokokin da ake amfani da su akai-akai a Linux Terminal
Sunan mahaɗin cibiyar sadarwar ku zai kasance a gaban kalma "sunan ma'ana". A wannan yanayin "enp3s0". Wannan shine sunan da zai bayyana a cikin labarin, zaka iya samun shi daban.
Lura: Idan kana da mahaɗin adaftar cibiyar da aka sanya akan kwamfutarka, za a ƙidaya su daidai (a cikin hotuna 28, enp3s1, enp3s2, da sauransu). Yi shawarar yadda za ku yi aiki, da kuma amfani dasu a cikin saitunan.
Hanyar 1: Terminal
"Ƙaddara" - Wannan kayan aiki ne na duniya don kafa duk abin da ke cikin Ubuntu. Tare da shi, zai yiwu a kafa haɗin yanar gizo na kowane iri, wanda za'a tattauna a yanzu.
Saitin Saitin Wired
Ubuntu wired sadarwar cibiyar sadarwa yana aikata ta ƙara sababbin sigogi zuwa fayil din sanyi "musayar". Saboda haka, farko kana buƙatar bude wannan fayil ɗin:
$ sudo gedit / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musayar
Lura: umarnin yana amfani da editan rubutu na Gedit don buɗe fayil ɗin sanyi, amma zaka iya rubuta wani edita, misali, vi, a cikin sashin daidai.
Duba Har ila yau: Masu rubutun rubutu na musamman don Linux
Yanzu kuna buƙatar yanke shawara irin nau'in mai bada sabis na IP. Akwai nau'o'i guda biyu: tsayayye da tsauri. Idan ba ku sani ba, to, ku kira wadanda. tallafawa da tuntuɓi mai aiki.
Na farko, bari mu yi hulɗa tare da Dynamic IP - ta daidaito ne sauki. Bayan shigar da umurnin da aka rigaya, a cikin fayil ɗin da aka buɗe, saka waɗannan masu canji:
Iface [sunan mai suna] inet dhcp
auto [sunan mai suna]
Inda
- Iface [sunan mai suna] inet dhcp - yana nufin ɗakin da aka zaɓa wanda yana da adireshin IP mai dadi (dhcp);
- auto [sunan mai suna] - a shiga shi yana haɗi ta atomatik zuwa ƙayyadadden ƙayyadewa tare da dukan sigogi ƙayyadaddun.
Bayan shigarwa ya kamata ka samu wani abu kamar haka:
Kar ka manta don ajiye duk canje-canjen da aka yi ta danna maɓallin dace a cikin ɓangaren dama na editan.
Yana da wuya a daidaita tsarin IP. Babbar abu ita ce sanin duk masu canji. A cikin fayil ɗin sanyi kana buƙatar shigar da layi:
Iface [sunan mai suna] inet static
Adireshi [adireshin]
netmask [adireshin]
ƙofar [adireshin]
dns-nameservers [adireshin]
auto [sunan mai suna]
Inda
- Iface [sunan mai suna] inet static - yana bayyana adireshin IP na adaftan kamar yadda ya dace;
- Adireshi [adireshin] - kayyade adreshin tashar intanet naka a cikin kwamfutar;
Lura: Za a iya samun adireshin IP ta hanyar bin umarnin ifconfig. A cikin fitarwa, kana buƙatar duba darajar bayan "inet addr" - wannan ita ce adireshin tashar jiragen ruwa.
- netmask [adireshin] - kayyade mashin subnet;
- ƙofar [adireshin] - yana nuna adireshin ƙofa;
- dns-nameservers [adireshin] - kayyade DNS uwar garke;
- auto [sunan mai suna] - ya haɗa zuwa katin sadarwar da aka ƙayyade lokacin da OS ta fara.
Bayan shigar da dukkan sigogi, za ku ga wani abu kamar haka:
Kar ka manta don ajiye duk siginan da aka shigar kafin rufe editan rubutu.
Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, a cikin Ubuntu OS, zaka iya yin wuri na wucin gadi don haɗawa da Intanit. Ya bambanta da cewa bayanan da aka ƙayyade baya canja fayilolin sanyi, kuma bayan sake farawa da PC, duk saitin da aka ƙayyade a baya za'a sake saitawa. Idan wannan ne karo na farko da kake ƙoƙarin kafa haɗin da aka haɗa a kan Ubuntu, to wannan hanya an bada shawara don fara da.
An saita dukkan sigogi ta amfani da umurnin daya:
$ sudo ip addr ƙara 10.2.119.116/24 dev enp3s0
Inda
- 10.2.119.116 - Adireshin IP na katin sadarwa (zaka iya samun wani);
- /24 - yawan raguwa a cikin sashin prefix na adireshin;
- enp3s0 - keɓancewa na cibiyar sadarwar da aka haɗa wanda aka ba da wutar lantarki.
Shigar da dukkan bayanan da suka cancanta kuma ku gudanar da umurnin a cikin "Ƙaddara", za ka iya duba su daidai. Idan Intanit ya bayyana akan PC, to, duk masu canji daidai ne, kuma za a iya shigar da su a cikin fayil din sanyi.
Saitin DNS
Ana kafa wani adireshin DNS a cikin sassan daban daban na Ubuntu. A cikin sigogi na OS daga 12.04 - hanya daya, a baya - ɗaya. Za muyi la'akari da daidaitaccen hanyar sadarwa, kamar yadda tsauri ya haifar da ganowa ta atomatik na sabobin DNS.
Saitawa a cikin sassan OS na sama da 12.04 na faruwa a cikin fayil da aka sani. "musayar". Dole ne a shigar da kirtani "Dns-nameservers" kuma sarari ya raba dabi'u.
Don haka fara budewa "Ƙaddara" fayil din tsari "musayar":
$ sudo gedit / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musayar
Bugu da ari a cikin editan edita bude rubutu ya shiga layin da ke biyowa:
dns-nameservers [adireshin]
A sakamakon haka, ya kamata ka sami wani abu kamar wannan, kawai dabi'u na iya zama daban-daban:
Idan kana so ka saita DNS a cikin Ubuntu a baya, fasalin fayil zai zama daban. Bude ta "Ƙaddara":
$ sudo gedit /etc/resolv.conf
Bayan haka za ka iya saita adiresoshin DNS masu bukata. Ya kamata a la'akari da cewa, ba kamar shigar da sigogi ba "musayar"in "resolv.conf" Ana rubuta adireshin kowane lokaci tare da sakin layi, ana amfani da prefix kafin darajar "nameserver" (ba tare da fadi) ba.
Sabun Shiga Connection PPPoE
A saita PPPoE via "Ƙaddara" ba ya nufin gabatarwa da yawa sigogi a cikin wasu fayilolin sanyi a kwamfuta. A akasin wannan, za a yi amfani da ɗaya ƙungiya.
Don haka, don yin jigon kalma (PPPoE), kana buƙatar yin haka:
- A cikin "Ƙaddara" yi:
$ sudo pppoeconf
- Jira kwamfuta don dubawa don gaban na'urori na cibiyar sadarwa da ƙahohin haɗi da aka haɗa zuwa gare shi.
Lura: idan mai amfani ba ta samo ɗakin a bisa jimillar ba, sa'annan duba ko mai bada caji yana haɗuwa da kyau kuma wutar lantarki ta wutar lantarki, idan wani.
- A cikin taga wanda ya bayyana, zaɓi katin sadarwa wanda aka haɗa mabulin mai ba da sabis (idan kana da katin sadarwa ɗaya, wannan taga za a iya tsalle).
- A cikin maɓallin '' shahararrun '', danna "I".
- Shigar da shiga, wanda mai bada naka ya bayar, kuma tabbatar da aikin. Sa'an nan kuma shigar da kalmar sirri.
- A cikin taga don zaɓar ma'anar sabobin DNS, danna "I"idan adiresoshin IP suna da tsauri, kuma "Babu"idan har tsaye. A cikin akwati na biyu, shigar da uwar garken DNS da hannu.
- Sa'an nan mai amfani zai buƙaci izini don iyakar girman MSS zuwa 1452-byte - ba izini ta latsa "I".
- A mataki na gaba, kana bukatar ka ba izini ta haɗa kai tsaye a cibiyar sadarwar PPPoE lokacin da kwamfutar ta fara ta latsa "I".
- A karshe taga, mai amfani zai nemi izini don kafa haɗi a yanzu - danna "I".
Bayan duk ayyukan da ka yi, kwamfutarka za ta kafa haɗin Intanet, idan ka yi duk abin da ke daidai.
Lura cewa mai amfani mai asali kullun kira kira hade dsl-bada. Idan kana buƙatar karya haɗin, sai ku gudu "Ƙaddara" umurnin:
$ sudo poff dsl-provider
Don kafa haɗin, sake:
$ sudo pon dsl-provider
Lura: idan kun haɗa zuwa cibiyar sadarwa ta amfani da mai amfani da sakonni, to, hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar hanyar Network Manager ba zai yiwu bane saboda gabatarwar sigogi a cikin fayil din "magance". Don sake saita duk saituna kuma canja wurin iko zuwa Manajan Network, kana buƙatar bude fayil ɗin musanya kuma maye gurbin duk abubuwan ciki tare da rubutu a ƙasa. Bayan shigarwa, ajiye canje-canje kuma sake farawa da cibiyar sadarwa tare da umurnin "$ sudo /etc/init.d/networking sake farawa" (ba tare da fadi ba). Har ila yau, sake farawa da mai amfani da Network Manager ta hanyar gudu "$ sudo /etc/init.d/NetworkManager zata sake farawa" (ba tare da sharudda ba).
Ƙirƙirar haɗin kewayawa
Don tsara DIAL-UP, zaka iya amfani da kayan aiki na biyu: pppconfig kuma wvdial.
Shirya haɗi tare da pppconfig sauki isa. Gaba ɗaya, wannan hanya tana kama da na baya (kullun): za a tambaye ku tambayoyi a cikin hanya ɗaya, da amsa abin da a cikin duka za ku kafa haɗin yanar gizo. Na farko gudu mai amfani kanta:
$ sudo pppconfig
Bayan haka bi umarnin. Idan baku san wasu amsoshin ba, ana bada shawara don tuntuɓi mai aiki na waɗannan. goyi bayan mai bada kuɗi kuma ku tuntube shi. Bayan kammala duk saitunan za a kafa haɗin.
Game da gyare-gyaren yin amfani da wvdialsa'an nan kuma ya faru kadan. Da farko kana buƙatar shigar da kunshin kanta ta hanyar "Ƙaddara". Don yin wannan, gudanar da umurnin mai biyowa:
$ sudo apt shigar wvdial
Ya haɗa da mai amfani wanda aka tsara don saita duk sigogi ta atomatik. An kira "wvdialconf". Gudun shi:
$ sudo wvdialconf
Bayan kisa a cikin "Ƙaddara" Yawancin sigogi da halaye za a nuna - ba sa bukatar fahimtar su. Kuna buƙatar sanin cewa mai amfani ya ƙirƙiri fayil na musamman. "wvdial.conf", wanda ta atomatik ya sanya sigogi masu dacewa, ya karanta su daga modem. Nan gaba kana buƙatar gyara fayil ɗin da aka tsara. "wvdial.conf"bari mu bude shi ta hanyar "Ƙaddara":
$ sudo gedit /etc/wvdial.conf
Kamar yadda ka gani, yawancin saitunan sun riga an fitar da su, amma maki uku na ƙarshe sun buƙaci a kara. Kuna buƙatar rijista a cikinsu lambar waya, shiga da kalmar wucewa, bi da bi. Duk da haka, kada ka yi sauri don rufe fayil ɗin, don ƙarin aiki mai dacewa ana bada shawara don ƙara ƙarin sigogi kaɗan:
- Hanya na raga = 0 - haɗin da ba za a karya ko da tare da rashin aiki a kwamfuta;
- Ƙoƙarin Ƙaddara = 0 - sa ƙoƙari marar iyaka don kafa haɗin;
- Dial Command = ATDP - bugun kira za a yi a cikin hanyar da aka taso.
A sakamakon haka, fayil ɗin sanyi zai yi kama da wannan:
Lura cewa an rarraba saitunan zuwa kashi biyu, mai suna tare da sunaye a cikin goge. Wannan wajibi ne don ƙirƙirar nau'i biyu na yin amfani da sigogi. Saboda haka, sigogi a ƙarƙashin "[Dialer Defaults]"za a kashe shi kullum, kuma a karkashin "[Dialer puls]" - lokacin da aka ƙayyade zaɓi mai dacewa a cikin umurnin.
Bayan yin duk saitunan, don kafa haɗin DIAL-UP, kana buƙatar tafiyar da wannan umurnin:
$ sudo wvdial
Idan kana son kafa haɗin bugun jini, to, rubuta waɗannan abubuwa masu zuwa:
$ sudo wvdial bugun jini
Don warware haɗin kafa, in "Ƙaddara" buƙatar danna maɓallin haɗin Ctrl + C.
Hanyar 2: Mai sarrafa hanyar sadarwa
Ubuntu na da mai amfani na musamman wanda zai taimaka wajen kafa haɗin da yafi yawan jinsuna. Bugu da ƙari, yana da ƙirar hoto. Wannan shi ne Mai sarrafa cibiyar, wadda ake kira ta danna kan gunkin da aka dace a gefen dama na babban panel.
Saitin Saitin Wired
Za mu fara a cikin hanya guda tare da saitunan cibiyar sadarwa. Da farko kana buƙatar bude mai amfani kanta. Don yin wannan, danna kan icon ɗin kuma danna "Shirya Haɗi" a cikin mahallin menu. Kusa a cikin taga da ya bayyana, yi da wadannan:
- Danna maballin "Ƙara".
- A cikin taga wanda ya bayyana, daga jerin jeri, zaɓi abu "Ethernet" kuma latsa "Create ...".
- A cikin sabon taga, saka sunan mahaɗin a cikin filin shigarwa daidai.
- A cikin shafin "Ethernet" daga jerin zaɓuka "Na'ura" ƙayyade katin da aka yi amfani dashi.
- Je zuwa shafin "Janar" kuma sanya kaska kusa da abubuwan "Haɗa ta atomatik zuwa wannan cibiyar sadarwa idan ana samuwa" kuma "Duk masu amfani zasu iya haɗawa zuwa wannan cibiyar sadarwa".
- A cikin shafin "IPv4 Saituna" Ƙayyade hanyar saitin yadda "Na'urar atomatik (DHCP)" - don ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Idan kana da matsayi, dole ne ka zaɓi abu "Manual" da kuma saka dukkan sigogin da suka dace wanda mai badawa ya ba maka.
- Push button "Ajiye".
Bayan duk matakan da ke sama, dole ne a kafa haɗin Intanet wanda aka haɗi. Idan wannan bai faru ba, duba dukkan sigogin da aka shigar, mai yiwuwa ka yi kuskure a wani wuri. Har ila yau, tabbatar da duba idan an duba akwati. "Gudanarwar Cibiyar" a cikin jerin zaɓuka na mai amfani.
Wani lokaci yana taimaka wajen sake fara kwamfutar.
Saitin DNS
Don kafa haɗin haɗi, ƙila za ka iya buƙatar daidaita saitunan Linux da hannu. Don yin wannan, yi kamar haka:
- Buɗe hanyar haɗin sadarwa a cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar zaɓar mai amfani daga menu "Shirya Haɗi".
- A cikin taga mai zuwa, nuna hasashen da aka haɗu da baya kuma danna kan "Canji".
- Kusa, je shafin "IPv4 Saituna" da kuma cikin jerin "Hanyar Saitin" danna kan "Aikin atomatik (DHCP, adireshin kawai)". Sa'an nan a layi "Saitunan DNS" shigar da bayanan da ake bukata, sannan ka danna "Ajiye".
Bayan wannan, za a iya la'akari da saitin DNS cikakke. Idan babu canje-canje, to gwada sake kunna kwamfutar don su dauki sakamako.
Shirin PPPoE
Samar da haɗin PPPoE a cikin Network Manager yana da sauki kamar yadda "Ƙaddara". A gaskiya ma, kuna buƙatar saka kawai login da kalmar sirri da aka karɓa daga mai bada. Amma la'akari da cikakken bayani.
- Bude duk hanyar haɗin gizon ta danna madogarar mai amfani da Network Manager kuma zaɓi "Shirya Haɗi".
- Danna "Ƙara"sannan daga jerin zaɓuka list "DSL". Bayan danna "Create ...".
- A cikin taga wanda ya bayyana, shigar da sunan mahaɗin, wanda za'a nuna a menu mai amfani.
- A cikin shafin "DSL" rubuta shiga da kalmar sirri a cikin shafuka masu dacewa. Da zaɓin, za ka iya ƙayyade sunan sabis, amma wannan shi ne na zaɓi.
- Danna shafin "Janar" kuma duba akwatin kusa da abubuwa biyu na farko.
- A cikin shafin "Ethernet" cikin jerin zaɓuka "Na'ura" gano katin sadarwarku.
- Je zuwa "IPv4 Saituna" da kuma ayyana hanyar yin maimaita yadda "Na atomatik (PPPoE)" kuma adana zaɓi ta danna maɓallin dace. Idan kana buƙatar shigar da uwar garken DNS da hannu, zaɓi "Na atomatik (PPPoE, adireshin kawai)" kuma saita sigogi da ake so, sa'annan ka danna "Ajiye". Kuma idan ya kamata a shigar da dukkan saituna da hannu, zaɓi abu tare da wannan suna kuma shigar da su a cikin shafuka masu dacewa.
Yanzu sabon haɗin DSL ya bayyana a menu na Network Manager, zaɓar abin da za ku sami dama ga Intanit. Ka tuna cewa wani lokaci kana buƙatar sake fara kwamfutarka don canje-canje don ɗaukar tasiri.
Kammalawa
A sakamakon haka, zamu iya cewa tsarin tsarin Ubuntu na da kayan aiki masu yawa don kafa haɗin Intanet mai dacewa. Mai amfani da Network Manager yana da ƙirar hoto, wadda ta sauƙaƙa da sauƙin aiki, musamman ga sabon shiga. Duk da haka "Ƙaddara" ba ka damar yin karin saituna ta hanyar shigar da sigogi waɗanda ba a cikin mai amfani ba.