Yawancin lokaci, masu amfani suna da na'ura mai kwakwalwa ɗaya a cikin kwamfutar su. Lokacin da ka fara shigar da tsarin aiki, an rushe shi zuwa wasu takamarori. Kowace mahimman ƙwarewa yana da alhakin adana bayanai na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya tsara shi a cikin tsarin fayiloli daban-daban kuma cikin ɗaya daga cikin sassa biyu. Bayan haka, muna so mu bayyana tsari na tsarin kwamfyuta a cikakke sosai.
Game da sigogi na jiki - HDD ta ƙunshi sassa daban-daban hade cikin tsarin daya. Idan kana so ka sami cikakkun bayanai game da wannan batu, muna bada shawara cewa ka koma ga takardunmu na rarraba a cikin mahaɗin da ke biyo baya, kuma mun juya zuwa bincike na bangaren software.
Duba Har ila yau: Mene ne babban faifai
Rubutun wasiƙa mai kyau
Lokacin da aka raba wani rumbun kwamfutar, an saita wasikar tsoho don ƙarar tsarin. C, kuma na na biyu - D. Lissafi A kuma B an kori, saboda an nuna alamar fannonin daban daban na wannan hanyar. Idan babu raguwa na biyu na wasika na hard disk D DVD za a nuna.
Mai amfani da kansa ya karya HDD a cikin sassan, ya ba su duk wasu haruffa. Don koyon yadda za'a kirkiro irin wannan rashin lafiya tare da hannu, karanta wani labarinmu a cikin mahaɗin da ke biyo baya.
Ƙarin bayani:
3 hanyoyi don raba bangare mai wuya
Hanyoyin da za a share raunin faifan faifai
Tsarin MBR da GPT
Duk abu mai sauƙi ne tare da kundin kaya da sashe, amma akwai kuma hanyoyi. Ana kiran mazan tsohuwar mahimmanci MBR (Master Boot Record), kuma an maye gurbinsu da GPT mai kyau (Gidan Hanya na GUID). Bari mu dubi kowane tsarin kuma la'akari dasu daki-daki.
MBR
Kwararru na MBR suna ci gaba da maye gurbin su ta GPT, amma har yanzu suna da mashahuri kuma ana amfani dasu a kan kwamfyutocin da yawa. Gaskiyar ita ce, Babbar Jagora Boot Record ce ta farko na HDD da ke da damar 512 bytes, ana ajiye shi kuma ba a sake rubuta shi ba. Wannan shafin yana da alhakin gudanar da OS. Irin wannan tsarin yana dacewa da cewa yana bada damar raba na'urar ajiyar jiki a sassa ba tare da matsaloli ba. Manufar ƙaddamar da faifai tare da MBR kamar haka:
- Lokacin da tsarin ya fara, BIOS yana samun hanyar farko da kuma ba shi iko. Wannan sashen yana da lambar
0000: 7C00h. - Shafuka huɗu masu zuwa suna da alhakin ƙayyade faifai.
- Na gaba ya zo da biya zuwa
01BEh- Tables na duniyar HDD. A cikin hotunan da ke ƙasa za ku iya ganin bayanin da ya dace game da karatun farko.
Yanzu da cewa an sami raƙuman raƙuman, an wajaba don ƙayyade wurin aiki wanda OS zai taya. Harshen farko a cikin wannan littafi ya bayyana sashen don farawa. Wadannan zaɓin zaɓin lambar shugaban don fara loading, lambar Silinda da sashen, da yawan adadin sassan. Ana nuna adadin karatun a hoto mai biyowa.
Don ƙayyadaddun wuri na rikodin rikodi na sashin fasaha da ake tambaya, fasaha CHS (Cylinder Head Sector) yana da alhakin. Yana karanta lambar Silinda, shugabannin da kuma sassan. Ƙididdigin wuraren da aka ambata sun fara da 0da kuma sassa tare da 1. Ta hanyar karanta duk waɗannan haɓakawa cewa an rarraba bangare na ɓangaren diski.
Rashin haɓaka irin wannan tsarin shine ƙayyadadden adireshin ƙarfin bayanai. Wato, a lokacin farko na CHS, bangare na iya samun iyakar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na 8 GB, wanda ba da daɗewa ba, ba shakka ba ya isa. Sauyawa shi ne adireshin LBA (Binciken Binciken Bincike), inda aka sake yin amfani da tsarin lambobi. Yanzu yana goyon bayan tafiyarwa har zuwa 2 Tarin fuka. LBA har yanzu yana da tsabta, amma canje-canje ya shafi GPT kawai.
Mun samu nasarar cimma yarjejeniyar farko da sauran sassa. Game da karshen, an ajiye shi, wanda ake kiraAA55kuma yana da alhakin bincika MBR don daidaito da kasancewa da bayanan da suka dace.
GPT
Fasaha na MBR yana da ƙananan ƙuntatawa da ƙuntatawa wanda ba zai iya samar da aiki tare da adadin bayanai ba. Daidaita shi ko canza shi ba ma'ana ba, don haka tare da sakin UEFI, masu amfani sunyi nazarin sabuwar tsarin GPT. An halicce shi da la'akari da karuwar yawan ƙwaƙwalwa da canje-canje a cikin PC, don haka yanzu shine mafi mahimmanci bayani. Ya bambanta da MBR a cikin waɗannan sigogi:
- Rashin kulawar CHS, yana tallafawa kawai aiki tare da version na LBA;
- GPT ta ajiye nau'i biyu daga cikin takardun akan drive - ɗaya a farkon faifai kuma ɗayan a ƙarshen. Wannan bayani zai ba da izini ga rukunin ta hanyar adreshin ajiya idan akwai lalacewa;
- Tsarin daftarin tsari na na'urar, wanda zamu tattauna a gaba;
- Ana amfani da takardun shaida na BBC don amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Duba kuma: Daidaita kuskuren CRC mai wuya
Yanzu zan so in gaya maka game da tsarin aiwatar da wannan tsari. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ana amfani da fasahar LBA a nan, wanda zai ba da damar yin aiki tare da kwakwalwa na kowane nau'i ba tare da wata matsala ba, kuma a nan gaba don fadada yawan ayyukan, idan an buƙata.
Duba kuma: Mene ne ma'anonin murfin doki na yammacin yammacin ke nufi?
Ya kamata mu lura cewa kamfanonin MBR suna cikin GPT, shi ne na farko kuma yana da girman ɗaya. Dole ne HDD ta yi aiki daidai tare da tsoffin kayan aiki, kuma baya yarda da shirye-shiryen da basu san GPT ba don halakar da tsarin. Sabili da haka, wannan bangaren ana kiran shi kare. Kashi na gaba shine sashe na 32, 48, ko 64, wanda ke da alhakin rabuwa, an kira shi babban mashigin GPT. Bayan wadannan bangarorin biyu, an karanta abubuwan da ake karantawa, sashin na biyu, kuma kwafin GPT ya rufe shi duka. An nuna cikakken tsari a cikin hotunan da ke ƙasa.
Wannan yana ƙaddamar da cikakken bayani wanda zai iya zama mai ban sha'awa ga mai amfani da yawa. Bugu da ari, waɗannan su ne ƙwarewar aikin kowane bangare, kuma waɗannan bayanai ba su da dangantaka da mai amfani. Game da zabi na GPT ko MBR - za ka iya karanta wani labarinmu, wanda ya tattauna da zaɓin tsari a karkashin Windows 7.
Duba kuma: Zabi tsarin GPT ko MBR don aiki tare da Windows 7
Har ila yau ina so in ƙara cewa GPT shine mafi kyawun zaɓi, kuma a nan gaba, a kowane hali, za mu canza don aiki tare da masu ɗaukan irin wannan tsari.
Duba kuma: Mene ne bambanci tsakanin kwakwalwa mai kwakwalwa da kwaskwarima?
Tsarin fayil da Tsarin
Da yake magana game da tsarin fasalin HDD, ba tare da ambaci tsarin da aka samo ba. Tabbas, akwai da yawa daga cikinsu, amma muna so mu zauna a kan sigogi don tsarin sassan biyu, wanda mafi yawan masu amfani ke aiki tare da sau da yawa. Idan komfuta ba zai iya ƙayyade tsarin fayil ɗin ba, rumbun ya samo tsarin RAW kuma an nuna shi a cikin OS. Ana samun matakan gyara don wannan fitowar. Muna ba ku damar karanta cikakken bayani akan wannan aiki a kasa.
Dubi kuma:
Hanyoyi don gyara tsarin RAW don HDDs
Dalilin da yasa kwamfutar ba ta ganin kullun ba
Windows
- FAT32. Microsoft ya kaddamar da tsarin fayil tare da FAT, a nan gaba wannan fasahar ta sami canje-canje da dama, kuma sabon saƙo a halin yanzu FAT32. Abinda yake da shi ya kasance a gaskiya cewa ba a tsara shi don sarrafawa da adana manyan fayiloli ba, kuma zai zama matsala sosai don shigar da shirye-shirye masu nauyi a kanta. Duk da haka, FAT32 na duniya, kuma lokacin ƙirƙirar rumbun kwamfutar waje, ana amfani dashi don ajiye fayiloli daga duk wani TV ko player.
- NTFS. Microsoft ya gabatar da NTFS don maye gurbin FAT32. Yanzu wannan tsarin fayil yana goyan bayan duk sassan Windows, fara tare da XP, kuma yana aiki a kan Linux, amma a kan Mac OS kawai zaka iya karanta bayanin, babu abin da za'a rubuta. NTFS ya bambanta da gaskiyar cewa ba shi da hani akan girman fayilolin da aka yi rikodin, ya inganta goyon baya ga nau'i daban-daban, ƙwarewar ɗaukar sassan layi kuma an sauƙaƙe da shi tare da dama. Duk sauran fayilolin fayiloli sun fi dacewa da kananan kafofin watsa labarai masu sauya kuma suna da wuya a yi amfani dashi a cikin matsaloli masu wuya, saboda haka baza muyi la'akari da su ba a cikin wannan labarin.
Linux
Mun sadu da tsarin Windows ɗin. Har ila yau ina so in jawo hankali ga nau'ikan talla a cikin Linux OS, tun da yake yana da kyau a tsakanin masu amfani. Linux yana goyan bayan aiki tare da duk tsarin tsarin Windows, amma OS kanta an bada shawarar da za a shigar da shi a kan wannan tsari. Ka lura da wadannan iri:
- Exfs ya zama tsarin farko don tsarin Linux. Yana da iyakokinta, alal misali, iyakar girman fayiloli ba zai iya wuce 2 GB ba, kuma sunansa ya kasance a cikin kewayon daga 1 zuwa 255 haruffa.
- Ext3 kuma Ext4. Mun rasa wasu nau'i na biyu na Ext, saboda yanzu basu da mahimmanci. Za mu gaya kawai game da ƙarin ko ƙarancin zamani. Sakamakon wannan tsarin fayil shine don tallafawa abubuwa har zuwa guda ɗaya a cikin girman, ko da yake, yayin da yake aiki a kan tsohuwar maɓallin, Ext3 ba ta goyi bayan abubuwan da suka fi girma fiye da 2 GB ba. Wani alama kuma shine tallafi don karanta software da aka rubuta a karkashin Windows. Na gaba ya zo sabon FS Ext4, wanda ya yardar adana fayiloli zuwa 16 TB.
- Babban gasa na Ext4 an dauke shi Xfs. Abinda yake amfani da shi shine a cikin algorithm na musamman, an kira shi "Yanki na sararin samaniya". Lokacin da aka aiko da bayanai don rubutawa, ana sanya shi a cikin RAM kuma yana jiran jigon da za a adana a sarari. Ana motsawa zuwa HDD ne kawai lokacin da RAM ta ƙare ko kuma ta shiga wasu matakai. Irin wannan jerin yana bada damar yada kananan ayyuka a cikin manyan kuma rage raguwa mai ɗaukar hoto.
Game da zabi na tsarin fayil don shigarwa na OS, mai amfani mafi kyau ya fi kyau a zabi zaɓi na shawarar yayin shigarwa. Wannan shi ne yawanci Etx4 ko XFS. Masu amfani da yawa sun riga sun yi amfani da FS don bukatunsu, suna amfani da nau'o'in daban don yin aikin.
Tsarin fayil yana canzawa bayan tsara tsarin, don haka wannan tsari ne mai mahimmanci, wanda ba damar share fayiloli kawai ba, amma kuma yana daidaita duk wani matsala ko matsalolin karatu. Muna ba da shawara ka karanta wani abu na musamman wanda aka tsara yadda aka tsara hanya ta hanyar HDD cikin hanya mafi dacewa.
Kara karantawa: Mene ne tsarawar faifai da kuma yadda za a yi shi daidai?
Bugu da ƙari, tsarin fayil yana hada kungiyoyin kungiyoyi a cikin gungu. Kowace nau'in ya bambanta kuma yana iya aiki kawai tare da wasu adadin bayanai. Clusters bambanta da girman, ƙananan yara suna dace da aiki tare da fayiloli mai haske, kuma manyan suna da amfani da kasancewa mai saukin kamuwa da raguwa.
Sakamako yana faruwa ne saboda sabuntawar bayanan. Bayan lokaci, fayilolin da aka rarraba a cikin tubalan suna adana a sassa daban-daban na layi da kuma ƙaddamarwa ta layi yana buƙatar sake rarraba wurare da kuma ƙãra gudun na HDD.
Kara karantawa: Duk abin da kuke buƙatar sanin game da rikice-rikice na diski mai wuya
Har yanzu akwai bayanai da yawa game da tsarin fasalin kayan aiki da ake tambaya; kai irin wannan tsari da kuma aiwatar da rubuta su zuwa sassa. Duk da haka, a yau mun yi ƙoƙarin ganin yadda za a iya magana game da abubuwa mafi muhimmanci da zai zama da amfani ga sanin kowane mai amfani da PC wanda ke so ya binciko duniyar abubuwan da aka gyara.
Dubi kuma:
Hard recovery recovery. Walkthrough
Abubuwa masu hatsari akan HDD
