Samar da Wiki Mai Girma

Debian wani tsarin tsarin aiki ne. Bayan shigar da shi, mafi yawan masu amfani sun fuskanci nau'o'in matsaloli yayin aiki tare da shi. Gaskiyar ita ce, wannan OS ya buƙaci a saita shi a mafi yawan kayan. Wannan labarin zai tattauna yadda za a kafa hanyar sadarwa a Debian.

Duba kuma:
Debian 9 Installation Guide
Yadda za a saita Debian bayan shigarwa

Mun saita Intanet a Debian

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don haɗa kwamfuta zuwa cibiyar sadarwar, mafi yawansu sun riga sun wuce kuma ba'a amfani da su ba, yayin da wasu, akasin haka, suna da yawa. Debian yana da ikon tsara kowane ɗayansu, amma labarin zai rufe kawai waɗanda suka fi sani.

Duba kuma:
Hadin cibiyar sadarwa a Ubuntu
Hadin cibiyar sadarwa a cikin Ubuntu Server

Hanyar da aka yi

A Debian, akwai zaɓi uku don kafa haɗin haɗi: ta hanyar canje-canje zuwa fayil na tsari, ta yin amfani da shirin Cibiyar sadarwa, da kuma amfani da mai amfani da tsarin.

Hanyar 1: Shirya fayil ɗin sanyi

Duk ayyukan da aka bayyana a kasa za a yi ta "Ƙaddara". Wannan hanya ce ta duniya wanda ke aiki a kan kowane nau'i na Debian. Don haka, don saita haɗin da aka haɗa, yi waɗannan abubuwa masu zuwa:

1. Gudun "Ƙaddara"ta hanyar binciken tsarin kuma danna kan gunkin da ya dace.



2. A cikin taga cewa ya bayyana "Ƙaddara" Shigar da aiwatar da umarni na gaba don bude fayil ɗin sanyi. "musayar":

   sudo Nano / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musayar

   Duba Har ila yau: Masu rubutun rubutu masu mahimmanci a cikin Linux

   Lura: bayan aiwatar da umurnin, za a nemika don kalmar sirri mai girma da ka ƙayyade lokacin shigar Debian. Ba za a nuna labari ba.

3. A cikin edita, komawa daya layi, shigar da sigogi masu zuwa:

   auto [sunan hanyar sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa]
Iface [sunan cibiyar sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa] inet dhcp

   Lura: za ka iya samun sunan cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar aiwatar da umurnin "IP address". A cikin batu an lissafta shi a karkashin lambar 2.



4. Idan ba a rajistar da saitunan DNS ta atomatik ba, za ka iya tantance kanka a cikin wannan fayil ta shigar da wadannan:

   nameserver [adireshin DNS]

5. Ajiye canje-canje ta danna Ctrl + Okuma fita edita ta latsa Ctrl + X.

A sakamakon haka, fayil din sanyi ɗinka ya kamata yayi kama da wannan:

Sai kawai sunan cibiyar sadarwa zai iya bambanta.

An haɗa haɗin da aka haɗa tare da adireshin da ya dace wanda aka tsara. Idan kana da adireshin IP na asali, to kana buƙatar saita cibiyar sadarwa daban:

1. Bude a "Ƙaddara" fayil din tsari:

   sudo Nano / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musayar

2. Komawa ɗaya layi a karshen, shigar da rubutu mai zuwa, lokaci guda shigar da bayanai masu dacewa a wurare masu dacewa:

   auto [sunan hanyar sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa]
Iface [sunan cibiyar sadarwa] inet static
Adireshi [adireshin]
netmask [adireshin]
ƙofar [adireshin]
dns-nameservers [adireshin]

3. Ajiye canje-canje kuma fita daga edita. Nano.

Ka tuna cewa sunan cibiyar sadarwa yana iya samuwa ta hanyar bugawa "Ƙaddara" tawagar "adireshin IP". Idan ba ka san dukkanin bayanan ba, to, zaka iya samun su a cikin takardun daga mai bada ko ka tambayi mai aiki na goyon bayan fasaha.

Bisa ga sakamakon duk ayyukan, za a saita cibiyar sadarwar ku. A wasu lokuta, don duk canje-canje don yin tasiri, kana buƙatar tafiyar da umurnin na musamman:

sudo systemctl sake farawa sadarwar

ko sake farawa kwamfutar.

Hanyar 2: Mai sarrafa hanyar sadarwa

Idan kun kasance maras amfani don amfani don saita haɗin "Ƙaddara" ko kuma kun fuskanci matsalolin aiwatar da umarnin da aka ƙayyade a baya, za ku iya amfani da shirin cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci, wanda yana da ƙirar hoto.

1. Bude taga ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar danna maɓallin gajeren hanya Alt F2 kuma shigar da wannan umurnin a filin da ya dace:

   Nemo-edita-edita



2. Latsa maɓallin "Ƙara"don ƙara sabon haɗin cibiyar sadarwa.



3. Ƙayyade irin sabon haɗi kamar "Ethernet"ta hanyar zaɓar abu na wannan suna daga lissafin kuma danna "Create ...".



4. A cikin sabon taga wanda ya buɗe, shigar da sunan haɗin.



5. Tab "Janar" duba jerin akwati na farko guda biyu don haka bayan da ya fara kwamfutar duka duk masu amfani zasu iya haɗa kai tsaye zuwa cibiyar sadarwa.



6. A cikin shafin "Ethernet" gano ku katin sadarwa (1) kuma zaɓi MAC hanyar yin cloning (2). Har ila yau aka jera "Tattaunawar yarjejeniyar" zaɓi layi "Bata" (3). Duk sauran wurare ba su canza ba.



7. Danna shafin "IPv4 Saituna" kuma zaɓi hanyar saiti azaman "Na'urar atomatik (DHCP)". Idan uwar garken DNS da ka karɓi ba kai tsaye ba daga mai bada, sannan ka zaɓa "Aikin atomatik (DHCP, adireshin kawai)" kuma shigar da saitunan DNS a cikin filin guda sunan.



8. Danna "Ajiye".

Bayan haka, za a kafa haɗin. Amma wannan hanyar za ka iya saita wani IP mai dadi, amma idan adireshin ya zama mahimmanci, bi wadannan matakai:

1. Daga jerin "Hanyar Saitin" zaɓi layi "Manual".
2. A cikin yankin "Adireshin" danna maballin "Ƙara".
3. A madadin shigar da adireshin, netmask da ƙofar.
   

   Lura: duk bayanan da suka dace da za ku iya gano ta hanyar tuntuɓar ISP.

4. Saka saitunan DNS a fagen wannan sunan.
5. Danna "Ajiye".

A ƙarshe, za a shigar da cibiyar sadarwa. Idan shafukan yanar gizo ba a bude ba, ana bada shawara don sake farawa kwamfutar.

Hanyar 3: Mai amfani da tsarin "Network"

Wasu masu amfani zasu iya fuskantar matsala lokacin da suka fara shirin shirin Network. A wannan yanayin, ana bada shawarar yin amfani da mai amfani da tsarin, wanda ke aiki a hankali. Zaka iya bude shi a hanyoyi biyu:

1. Danna kan alamar cibiyar sadarwa a gefen dama na GNOME kuma zaɓi "Saitunan Saitunan Sauti".



2. Shigar da saitunan tsarin ta hanyar menu kuma danna kan gunkin "Cibiyar sadarwa".

Da zarar mai amfani yana buɗewa, yi da wadannan don daidaita hanyar haɗi:

1. Kunna canza wutar wuta zuwa matsayi mai aiki.



2. Danna maballin tare da hoton kaya.



3. A cikin sabon window bude category "Bayyanawa", saka sunan sabon haɗin kuma zaɓi adireshin MAC daga jerin. Har ila yau, za ka iya ba da damar haɗi ta atomatik zuwa cibiyar sadarwar kwamfutarka bayan OS ya fara tashi kuma ya sa haɗin da ake samuwa ga duk masu amfani ta hanyar duba akwati masu dacewa.



4. Je zuwa category "IPv4" kuma saita duk canje-canje don aiki idan mai samarwa yana bada adireshin IP mai ƙarfi. Idan ana buƙatar adreshin DNS ya shiga tare da hannu, sa'an nan kuma kashe kashewa "DNS" kuma shigar da uwar garken kanka.



5. Latsa maɓallin "Aiwatar".

Ana buƙatar IP mai mahimmanci a cikin rukuni "IPv4" saka wasu saitunan:

1. Daga jerin zaɓuka "Adireshin" zaɓi abu "Manual".
2. A cikin tsari don cika, shigar da adireshin cibiyar yanar sadarwa, mask da ƙofar.
3. A ƙasa da kashe kashewar "DNS" kuma shigar da adireshinsa a filin da ya dace.
   

   Lura: idan ya cancanta, za ka iya danna kan "+" button kuma saka ƙarin DNS sabobin.

4. Latsa maɓallin "Aiwatar".

Yanzu kun san yadda za a kafa haɗin haɗi tare da IP mai rikitarwa da tsauri a cikin tsarin sarrafa Debian. Ya rage kawai don zaɓar hanyar da ta dace.

PPPoE

Ba kamar alamar da aka haɗa ba, za ka iya saita hanyar PPPoE a Debian kawai ta hanyoyi biyu: ta hanyar mai amfani kullun da kuma taimakon taimakon shirin cibiyar sadarwa mai ƙwarewa.

Hanya na 1: kwamin gwiwa

Amfani kullun wani kayan aiki mai sauƙi ne wanda ke ba ka damar saita haɗin PPPoE a kowane tsarin aiki bisa tushen kudan zuma na Linux. Amma sabanin mafi yawan ƙwaƙwalwa, ba a shigar da wannan mai amfani a Debian ba, don haka dole ne ka fara saukewa da shigar da shi.

Idan kana da dama don saita haɗin Intanit akan kwamfutarka ta amfani da hanyar samun damar shiga, misali Wi-Fi, to sai ka shigar kullun buƙatar "Ƙaddara" aiwatar da wannan umurnin:

Sudo apt shigar pppoeconf

Idan ba za ka iya haɗawa da Wi-Fi ba, dole ne ka fara sauke mai amfani a wani na'ura kuma saka shi a kan kwamfutar Flash.

Download pppoeconf don tsarin 64-bit
Sauke fayiloli don tsarin 32-bit

Bayan wannan, saka ƙirar kebul na USB zuwa kwamfutarka kuma yi abin da ke biyowa:

1. Kwafi mai amfani zuwa babban fayil "Saukewa"ta amfani da mai sarrafa fayil din mai kyau Nautilus.
2. Bude "Ƙaddara".
3. Gudura zuwa jagorar inda fayil ɗin yake. A wannan yanayin, je zuwa babban fayil "Saukewa". Don yin wannan, gudu:

   Cd / gida / Sunan mai amfani / Downloads

   Lura: Maimakon "Sunan mai amfani", dole ne ka saka sunan mai amfani da aka ƙayyade a lokacin shigarwa na Debian.

4. Shigar da mai amfani kullunta hanyar bin umarnin:

   sudo dpkg -i [PackageName] .deb

   Inda a maimakon "[PackageName]" Kuna buƙatar saka cikakken sunan fayil din.

Da zarar an shigar da mai amfani a kan tsarin, za ka iya ci gaba kai tsaye zuwa kafa cibiyar sadarwa na PPPoE. Ga wannan:

1. Gudun mai amfani da shigarwa ta hanyar gudu "Ƙaddara":

   sudo pppoeconf

2. Jira na'urorin don dubawa.



3. Ƙayyade ƙirar cibiyar sadarwa daga jerin.

   

   Lura: idan katin sadarwar ɗaya ɗaya ne, to, za a ƙaddamar da ƙirar cibiyar sadarwa ta atomatik kuma wannan mataki zai kasance wanda aka tsalle.

4. Amsa amsar tambaya ta farko - mai amfani yana ba da shawarar yin amfani da saitunan haɗin kan waɗanda suka dace da mafi yawan masu amfani.



5. Shigar da shiga, wadda aka bayar daga mai bada ku, kuma danna "Ok".



6. Shigar da kalmar sirri da mai bada ya ba ku, kuma latsa "Ok".



7. Amsa a idan an saita saitunan DNS ta atomatik. In ba haka ba, zaɓi "Babu" da kuma saka su da kanka.



8. Bari mai amfani ya ƙayyade MSS zuwa 1452 bytes. Wannan zai kawar da kurakurai lokacin bude wasu shafuka.



9. Zaɓi "I"sabõda haka, haɗin PPPoE an kafa ta atomatik a duk lokacin da aka fara tsarin.



10. Don kafa haɗi a yanzu, amsa "I".

Idan ka zaɓi amsa "I", dole ne a riga an kafa haɗin Intanet. In ba haka ba, don haɗi, dole ne ka shigar da umurnin:

sudo pon dsl-provider

Don musaki, yi:

sudo poff dsl-provider

Wannan shi ne yadda za a kafa hanyar sadarwa na PPPoE ta amfani da mai amfani. kullun za a iya la'akari da cikakke. Amma idan kun fuskanci matsalolin aiwatarwa, to gwada amfani da hanyar ta biyu.

Hanyar 2: Mai sarrafa hanyar sadarwa

Amfani da Gidan yanar sadarwa, kafa haɗin PPPoE zai dauki tsawon lokaci, amma idan baza ka iya sauke mai amfani ba kullun a kan kwamfutarka, wannan ita ce kawai hanya ta kafa Intanit a Debian.

1. Bude wannan shirin. Don yin wannan, danna maɓallin haɗin Alt F2 da kuma a filin da yake bayyana, shigar da umurnin mai zuwa:

   Nemo-edita-edita



2. A cikin taga wanda ya buɗe, danna maballin. "Ƙara".



3. Zaɓi layi daga jerin "DSL" kuma danna "Ƙirƙiri".



4. Za a bude taga inda zaka buƙaci shigar da sunan haɗin cikin layin da aka dace.



5. A cikin shafin "Janar" An bada shawara a sanya maki biyu na farko don haka lokacin da aka kunna PC ɗin, an shigar da cibiyar sadarwa ta atomatik kuma duk masu amfani sun sami dama zuwa gare ta.



6. A cikin DSL shafin, shigar da sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri a cikin shafuka masu dacewa. Idan ba ku da wannan bayanan, za ku iya tuntuɓar mai baka.

   

   Lura: sunan sabis ɗin yana da zaɓi.

7. Je zuwa shafin "Ethernet", zaɓi cikin jerin "Na'ura" sunan sunan cibiyar sadarwa mai suna "Tattaunawar yarjejeniyar" - "Bata"da kuma a filin "Adireshin MAC adireshin" saka "Tsare".



8. A cikin shafin "IPv4 Saituna" tare da IP mai dadi kana buƙatar daga lissafi "Hanyar Saitin" zabi "Na atomatik (PPPoE)".



Idan saitunan DNS ba su zo kai tsaye daga mai bada ba, sannan zaɓi "Na atomatik (PPPoE, adireshin kawai)" kuma shigar da su a cikin filin filin iri daya.



A cikin yanayin da adireshin IP ɗinka ya kasance na asali, kana buƙatar zaɓar hanyar jagora kuma shigar da dukkan sigogi a cikin filayen dace don shigarwa.



9. Danna "Ajiye" kuma rufe shirin shirin.

Hadin Intanet bayan kammala duk ayyukan dole ne a kafa. Idan ba haka bane, sake farawa kwamfutar zata taimaka.

DIAL-UP

Daga dukkan nau'ukan Intanet, DIAL-UP yanzu an dauke shi mafi ƙarancin mashahuri, wanda shine dalilin da yasa babu shirye-shiryen da ke nunawa a cikin Debian. Amma akwai mai amfani pppconfig tare da dubawa na yanar gizo. Zaka kuma iya saita ta amfani da mai amfani. wvdialamma abubuwa farko da farko.

Hanyar 1: pppconfig

Amfani pppconfig yana da yawa kamar pppoeconfig: lokacin da aka kafa, kawai kuna buƙatar bada amsoshin tambayoyin, bayan haka za'a haɗa haɗin. Amma wannan amfani ba a shigar da shi ba a kan tsarin, don haka sauke shi ta hanyar "Ƙaddara":

Sudo apt kafa pppconfig

Idan ba ku da damar yin amfani da Intanit don yin wannan, dole ne ku shigar da shi daga ƙwala. Don yin wannan, fara sauke kunshin. pppconfig kuma jefa shi a kan drive.

Sauke pppconfig don tsarin bitar 64-bit
Sauke pppconfig don tsarin 32-bit

Sa'an nan kuma don shigar, yi da wadannan:

1. Saka shigar da kebul na USB zuwa kwamfutarka.
2. Matsar da bayanai daga gare ta zuwa babban fayil "Saukewa"Wannan yana cikin kulawar gida na tsarin aiki.
3. Bude "Ƙaddara".
4. Gudura zuwa babban fayil inda kuka koma fayil ɗin tare da mai amfani, wato, to "Saukewa":

   Cd / gida / Sunan mai amfani / Downloads

   Sai kawai a maimakon haka "Sunan mai amfani" shigar da sunan mai amfani da aka ƙayyade a lokacin shigar da tsarin.

5. Shigar da kunshin pppconfig ta amfani da umurnin na musamman:

   sudo dpkg -i [PackageName] .deb

   Inda za a maye gurbin "[PackageName]" a cikin sunan deb-file.

Da zarar an shigar da kunshin da ake buƙata a cikin tsarin, za ka iya ci gaba kai tsaye zuwa kafa wani haɗin DIAL-UP.

1. Gudun mai amfani pppconfig:

   sudo pppconfig docomo

2. A cikin farko na hoto mai duba hoto, zaɓi "Samar da haɗin da ake kira docomo" kuma danna "Ok".



3. Sa'an nan kuma ƙayyade yadda za a saita da sabobin DNS. Domin madaidaicin IP, zaɓi "Yi amfani da DNS"tare da tsauri - "Yi amfani da Dynamic DNS".

   

   Muhimmanci: idan ka zaɓi "Yi amfani da DNS mai rikitarwa", to kana buƙatar shigar da adireshin IP na farko da, idan akwai, ƙarin uwar garke.

4. Ƙayyade hanyar ƙwarewa ta zabi "Kalmomin aikin manhaja"kuma danna "Ok".



5. Shigar da shiga da aka ba ku ta mai bada.



6. Shigar da kalmar sirrin da kuka karɓa daga mai bada.

   

   Lura: idan ba ku da wannan bayanan, tuntuɓi goyon bayan fasahar mai bada sabis kuma ku samo shi daga mai aiki.

7. Yanzu kana buƙatar saka adadin saurin Intanet, wanda zai ba ka modem. Idan ba wajibi ne a kan iyakance shi ba, shigar da iyaka mafi girman a cikin filin kuma danna "Ok".



8. Ƙayyade hanyar bugun kiran azaman sautin, zaɓi zaɓi "Sautin" kuma danna "Ok".



9. Shigar da lambar wayarka. Lura cewa kana buƙatar shigar da bayanai ba tare da yin amfani da alamar dash ba.



10. Saka tashar jiragen ruwa na modem ɗinka wanda aka haɗa shi.

    

    Lura: "TtyS0-ttyS3" tashar jiragen ruwa za a iya kyan gani ta amfani da "sudo ls -l / dev / ttyS *" umurnin

11. A karshe taga za a gabatar da kai rahoto akan duk bayanan da aka shigar. Idan sun kasance daidai, zaɓi layin "An gama Rubuta fayiloli kuma koma cikin menu na ainihi" kuma danna Shigar.

Yanzu dai kawai kuna buƙatar aiwatar da umurnin daya don haɗawa:

pon docomo

Don ƙare haɗi, amfani da wannan umurnin:

Docomo maffai

Hanyar 2: wvdial

Idan ba ku da ikon kafa haɗin DIAL-UP ta hanyar amfani da hanyar da aka rigaya, to, za ku iya yin shi tare da taimakon mai amfani. wvdial. Zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar fayil na musamman a cikin tsarin, bayan haka za'a yi wasu canje-canje. Yanzu za a bayyana dalla-dalla yadda za a yi.

1. Dole ne ku fara shigar da tsarin wvdialdon wannan a cikin "Ƙaddara" isa ya yi:

   Sudo apt shigar wvdial

   Bugu da ƙari, idan a wannan lokacin cibiyar sadarwarka ba ta samuwa ba, zaka iya sauke samfurin da ake buƙata a gaba daga shafin a wani na'ura, sauke shi a kan ƙwaƙwalwar USB kuma shigar da shi a kwamfutarka.

   Sauke wvdial don tsarin 64-bit
   Sauke wvdial don tsarin 32-bit



2. Bayan an shigar da mai amfani a kan tsarinka, dole ne ka gudanar da shi domin ta samar da wannan tsari na tsari, wanda za mu sake gyara. Don gudu, gudanar da umurnin mai zuwa:

   sudo wvdialconf

3. An halicci fayil a cikin shugabanci "/ sauransu /" kuma an kira shi "wvdial.conf". Bude shi a cikin editan rubutu:

   sudo nano /etc/wvdial.conf

4. Zai adana sigogin da mai amfani ya karanta daga modem naka. Kuna buƙatar cika layi uku: Waya, Sunan mai amfani kuma Kalmar wucewa.



5. Ajiye canje-canje (Ctrl + O) kuma rufe edita (Ctrl + X).

An haɓaka haɗin DIAL-UP, amma don taimakawa, kuna buƙatar kashe ɗaya umarni:

sudo wvdial

Don saita haɗin ta atomatik zuwa cibiyar sadarwar lokacin da kwamfutar ta fara, kawai shigar da wannan umarni a cikin rikodin Debian.

Kammalawa

Akwai nau'o'in Intanit iri-iri, kuma Debian yana da dukkan kayan aikin da za a iya tsara su. Kamar yadda kake gani daga sama, akwai hanyoyi da yawa don daidaita kowane nau'in haɗi. Kuna da yanke shawara kan kanka wanda zaiyi amfani da shi.