DEBIAN SAITIN BAYAN SHIGARWA

Debian ba zai iya yin alfaharin yin aiki daidai bayan shigarwa ba. Wannan tsarin aiki ne da ake buƙatar kafa farko, kuma wannan labarin zai bayyana yadda za'a yi haka.

Duba kuma: Rabawa na Linux masu kyau

Debian Setup

Saboda yawancin zaɓuɓɓuka don shigar da Debian (cibiyar sadarwar, asali, daga kafofin watsa labaru na DVD), babu jagoran duniya, don haka wasu matakai na umarnin zasu shafi takamaiman sassan tsarin aiki.

Mataki na 1: Sabuntawar Sabis

Abu na farko da za a yi bayan shigar da tsarin shine don sabunta shi. Amma wannan ya fi dacewa ga masu amfani da suka shigar Debian daga kafofin watsa labarai na DVD. Idan kun yi amfani da hanyar hanyar sadarwa, to, duk abubuwan sabuntawar yanzu za a riga an shigar su a OS.

Bude "Ƙaddara"ta rubuta sunansa cikin tsarin tsarin kuma danna kan gunkin da ya dace.

Sami superuser haƙƙoƙi ta hanyar bin umarnin:
su
da kuma shigar da kalmar sirri da aka ƙayyade a lokacin shigarwa.
Lura: idan ka shigar da kalmar sirri, ba ya bayyana.
Gudura umarni biyu bi da bi:
dace-samun sabuntawa dace-samun inganci
Sake kunna kwamfutar don kammala aikin sabuntawa. Don wannan zaka iya shiga "Ƙaddara" Gudura wannan umurnin:
sake yi

Bayan komfuta ya fara sakewa, za'a sabunta tsarin, don haka zaka iya ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba na sanyi.

Duba kuma: Degrading Debian 8 zuwa version 9

Mataki na 2: Shigar da SUDO

sudo - Mai amfani da aka yi tare da manufar bawa kowane mai amfani da hakkin gudanarwa. Kamar yadda kake gani, lokacin da ake sabunta tsarin, ya zama dole don shigar da bayanin martaba tushenyana buƙatar karin lokaci. Idan amfani sudo, wannan aikin za a iya tsalle.

Domin shigar da mai amfani a cikin tsarin sudo, wajibi ne, kasancewa cikin bayanin martaba tushen, aiwatar da umurnin:

dace-samun shigar sudo

Amfani sudo shigar, amma don amfani da shi kana buƙatar samun dama. Yana da sauki don yin hakan ta hanyar yin haka:

Sunan mai amfani da Adduser sudo

Inda a maimakon "Sunan mai amfani" Dole ne ku shigar da sunan mai amfani da aka sanya hakkokin.

A ƙarshe, sake farawa tsarin don canje-canje don ɗaukar tasiri.

Duba kuma: Dokokin da ake amfani da su akai-akai a Linux Terminal

Mataki na 3: Haɓaka Gidan Hoto

Bayan shigar da Debian, ana gyara saitunan kawai don karɓar software na budewa, amma wannan bai isa ba don shigar da sabon tsarin shirin da direba a cikin tsarin.

Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu don tsara ɗakunan ajiya na software mai amfani: amfani da shirin tare da keɓancewa na hoto da aiwatar da umurnin a "Ƙaddara".

Software & Updates

Don kafa ɗakunan ajiya ta amfani da shirin GUI, yi waɗannan abubuwa masu zuwa:

Gudun Software & Updates daga tsarin menu.

Tab "Software na Debian" sanya kaska kusa da abubuwan da alamar ta nuna "main", "taimakawa" kuma "marasa kyauta".

Daga jerin zaɓuka "Download daga" zaɓi uwar garken da yake mafi kusa.

Latsa maɓallin "Kusa".

Bayan haka, shirin zai ba ka damar sabunta duk bayanan da aka samo game da wuraren ajiya - danna maballin "Sake sake", to, jira har zuwa karshen wannan tsari kuma ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba.

Terminal

Idan saboda wasu dalili ba ku iya tsara ta amfani da shirin ba Software & Updates, wannan aikin za a iya yi a cikin "Ƙaddara". Ga abin da za ku yi:

Bude fayil wanda ya ƙunshi jerin duk wuraren ajiya. Don wannan, labarin zai yi amfani da editan rubutu. Gedit, zaku iya shigar da wani a wurin da ya dace.
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
A cikin bude edita ƙara masu canji zuwa duk layi. "main", "taimakawa" kuma "marasa kyauta".
Latsa maɓallin "Ajiye".
Rufe edita.

Duba Har ila yau: Masu rubutun rubutu na musamman don Linux

A sakamakon haka, fayil ɗinka ya kasance kamar wannan:

Yanzu, saboda canje-canje don ɗaukar tasiri, sabunta jerin kunshin tare da umurnin:

sudo apt-samun sabuntawa

Mataki na 4: Adding Backports

Ci gaba da mahimmancin wuraren ajiya, ana bada shawara don ƙarawa cikin jerin Ajiyayyen. Ya ƙunshi sababbin kayan software. Wannan kunshin yana dauke da gwaji, amma duk software da yake cikin shi ƙaura ne. Ba ya fada cikin tasoshin ajiyar ma'aikata ba saboda dalilin da aka halicce ta bayan saki. Sabili da haka, idan kana so ka sabunta direba, kernel da sauran software zuwa sabuwar sabunta, kana buƙatar haɗi da asusun ajiya na Backports.

Ana iya yin hakan kamar yadda Software & Updateshaka kuma "Ƙaddara". Yi la'akari da hanyoyi guda biyu a cikin dalla-dalla.

Software & Updates

Don ƙara ajiya na bayanan backports ta amfani da su Software & Updates kuna buƙatar:

Gudun shirin.
Je zuwa shafin "Sauran Software".
Push button "Ƙara ...".

A cikin layin da aka shiga:
deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian stretch-backports main contribution ba-free(na Debian 9)
ko
deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports main bayar ba-free(na Debian 8)
Push button "Ƙara tushen".

Bayan matakan da ke sama, rufe shafin shirin, bada izni don sabunta bayanai.

Terminal

A cikin "Ƙaddara" don ƙara ajiyar bayanan bayanan, dole ne ku shigar da bayanai a cikin fayil ɗin "sources.list". Ga wannan:

Bude fayil ɗin da kake buƙatar:
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
A ciki, sanya siginan kwamfuta a karshen ƙarshen karshe kuma ta latsa maɓallin sau biyu Shigar, m, sa'an nan kuma rubuta waɗannan Lissafi:
deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian stretch-backports main contribution ba-free deb-src //mirror.yandex.ru/debian stretch-backports main contribution ba-free(na Debian 9)
ko
deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports main bayar ba-free deb-src //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports main contribution ba-free(na Debian 8)
Latsa maɓallin "Ajiye".
Rufe editan rubutu.

Don amfani da dukkan sigogi da aka shigar, sabunta jerin kunshe-kunshe:

sudo apt-samun sabuntawa

Yanzu, don shigar da software daga wannan farfadowa zuwa tsarin, yi amfani da umarnin nan:

sudo apt-samun shigar -t stretch-backports [sunan kunshin](na Debian 9)

sudo apt-samun shigar -t jessie-backports [sunan kunshin](na Debian 8)

Inda a maimakon "[sunan kunshin]" shigar da sunan kunshin da kake so ka shigar.

Mataki na 5: Shigar da Fonts

Wani muhimmin kashi na tsarin shine fonts. A cikin Debian, ƙananan kaɗan daga cikinsu an riga an shigar su, don haka masu amfani waɗanda suke aiki a cikin editocin rubutu ko tare da hotuna a cikin shirin GIMP suna buƙatar sake cika jerin sunayen da aka kasance. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, shirin Wine ba zai yi aiki ba tare da su ba.

Don shigar da rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Windows, kana buƙatar gudanar da umurnin mai zuwa:

sudo apt-samun shigar ttf-freefont ttf-mscorefonts-mai sakawa

Hakanan za ka iya ƙara fayiloli daga bayanin da aka saita:

sudo apt-samun shigar fonts-noto

Za ka iya shigar da wasu fontsu ta hanyar binciken su a kan Intanit kuma suna motsa su zuwa babban fayil. "."wannan shi ne tushen tushen tsarin. Idan ba ka da wannan babban fayil, ƙirƙirar kanka.

Mataki na 6: Saita matakan smoothing

Ta hanyar shigar da Debian, mai amfani zai iya lura da maganganun da ba a rubuta ba. An warware wannan matsala kawai kawai - kana buƙatar ƙirƙirar fayil na tsari na musamman. Ga yadda aka yi:

A cikin "Ƙaddara" je zuwa jagorar "/ sauransu / fonts /". Don yin wannan, gudu:
cd / sauransu / fonts /

Ƙirƙiri sabuwar fayil mai suna "local.conf":
sudo gedit local.conf
A cikin edita wanda ya buɗe, shigar da rubutu mai zuwa:
rgb gaskiya hintslight lcddefault ƙarya ~ / .fonts
Latsa maɓallin "Ajiye" kuma rufe edita.

Bayan haka, dukkan fayiloli na tsarin za su sami ladabi mai laushi.

Mataki na 7: Muryar Muryar Muryar Tsarin

Wannan wuri ba wajibi ne ga duk masu amfani ba, amma ga wadanda suke jin sautin halayen daga sashin tsarin su. Gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin wasu majalisai wannan saiti ba ta da nakasa. Don gyara wannan kuskure, kana buƙatar:

Fayil din sanyi ta bude "fbdev-blacklist.conf":
sudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/fbdev-blacklist.conf
A ƙarshe, rubuta wannan layi:
blacklist pcspkr
Ajiye canje-canje kuma rufe edita.

Mun kawai kara wani ƙuri'a "pcspkr"wanda ke da alhakin sauti na tsarin tsarin, zuwa baƙaƙe, bi da bi, an kawar da matsalar.

Mataki na 8: Shigar da Codecs

Sai kawai shigar da Debian tsarin ba shi da multimedia codecs, wannan shi ne saboda su mallaki. Saboda wannan, mai amfani ba zai iya yin hulɗa da yawancin sauti da bidiyo ba. Don magance halin da ake ciki, kana buƙatar shigar da su. Ga wannan:

Gudun umurnin:
sudo apt-samun shigar libavcodec-extra57 ffmpeg
A lokacin shigarwa, zaka buƙatar tabbatar da aikin ta buga alamar a kan keyboard "D" kuma danna Shigar.

Yanzu kana buƙatar shigar ƙarin codecs, amma sun kasance a cikin wani tsari daban-daban, don haka dole ne ka farko da ƙara shi zuwa ga tsarin. Don yin wannan, aiwatar da umarni uku a bi da bi:
su echo "# Debian Multimedia dabaffiyar daftarin yanar gizo na yanar gizo na yanar gizo mai suna "(na Debian 9)
ko
su echo "# Debian Multimedia bb dap://ftp.deb-multimedia.org jessie main non-free "> '/etc/apt/sources.list.d/deb-multimedia.list'(na Debian 8)

Sabunta wuraren ajiya:
sabuntawa
A cikin fitarwa, za ka ga cewa kuskure ya faru - tsarin ba zai iya samun dama ga maɓallin GPG na ajiya ba.
Don gyara wannan, gudanar da wannan umurnin:
key-key-da-key-key-key -keyerver pgpkeys.mit.edu 5C808C2B65558117
Lura: mai amfani na "dirmngr" ya ɓace a wasu Debian ginawa, saboda haka ba a kashe umarnin ba. Dole ne a shigar da shi ta hanyar bin umarnin "sudo apt-get install dirmngr".
Duba idan an gyara kuskure:
sabuntawa
Mun ga cewa babu wani kuskure, sannan an sake gina wurin ajiya.
Shigar da codecs da ake bukata ta hanyar bin umarnin:
apt shigar libfaad2 libmp4v2-2 libfaac0 alsamixergui biyulame libmp3lame0 libdvdnav4 libdvdread4 libdvdcss2 w64codecs(don tsarin 64-bit)
ko
apt install libfaad2 libmp4v2-2 libfabib4 libbvdanav4 libdvdread4 libdvdcss2 libdvdnav4 libdvdread4 libdvdcss2(na tsarin 32-bit)

Bayan kammala duk maki da ka shigar da dukkan takardun codecs a cikin tsarinka. Amma wannan ba karshen ƙarshen Debian ba.

Mataki na 9: Shigar da Flash Player

Wadanda suka saba da Linux sun sani cewa masu gabatar da Flash Player ba su sabunta samfurinsu a wannan dandali na dogon lokaci ba. Sabili da haka, kuma saboda wannan aikace-aikacen na mallakar kuɗi ne, ba a cikin rabawa ba. Amma akwai hanya mai sauƙi don shigar da ita a Debian.

Don shigar Adobe Flash Player kana buƙatar gudu:

sudo apt-samun shigar flashplugin-nonfree

Bayan haka za'a shigar. Amma idan kuna amfani da burauzar Chromium, sa'annan ku yi tafiya daya umarni:

sudo apt-samun shigar pepperflashplugin-nonfree

Don Mozilla Firefox, umurnin ya bambanta:

sudo apt-samun shigar flashplayer-mozilla

Yanzu duk abubuwan abubuwan shafukan da aka tsara ta amfani da Flash, zasu samuwa a gare ku.

Mataki na 10: Shigar da Java

Idan kana so tsarinka ya nuna nau'ikan da aka yi a cikin harshen haɗin Java, kana buƙatar shigar da wannan kunshin a cikin OS. Don yin wannan, aiwatar da umurnin daya kawai:

Sudo apt-samun shigar tsoho-jre

Bayan kisa, za ku sami wani ɓangare na Muhalli na Runtun Java. Amma rashin alheri, ba dace da ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen Java ba. Idan kuna buƙatar wannan zaɓi, to, ku shigar da Kit ɗin Gina na Java:

sudo apt-samun shigar default-jdk

Mataki na 11: Shigar da aikace-aikace

Babu buƙatar yin amfani kawai da tsarin kwamfutar da tsarin aiki. "Ƙaddara"lokacin da za a iya yin amfani da software tare da ƙirar hoto. Mun kawo hankalinka wani tsarin software wanda aka dace don shigarwa a cikin tsarin.

evince - aiki tare da fayilolin PDF;
vlc - shahararrun bidiyo;
file-abin nadi - tashar ajiya;
bleachbit - wanke tsarin;
gimp - editan zane (analogue na Photoshop);
clementine - mai kunna kiɗa;
haɓaka - ƙirar ƙira;
shotwell - shirin don duba hotuna;
gparted - Editan Siffar Disk;
diodon - mai sarrafa allo;
freeoffice-marubucin - Mai sarrafawa ta hanyar magana;
freeoffice-lissafi - mai sarrafawa na tabular.

Wasu shirye-shiryen daga wannan jerin sun riga an shigar da su akan tsarin aikinka, duk ya dogara da gina.

Don shigar da aikace-aikacen daya daga jerin, yi amfani da umurnin:

sudo apt-samun shigar ProgramName

Inda a maimakon "Shirin Shirye-shirye" Sanya sunan wannan shirin.

Domin shigar da dukkan aikace-aikacen a lokaci ɗaya, kawai ka rubuta sunayensu da suka rabu da sararin samaniya:

sudo apt-samun shigar fayil-roll evine dalon tsayar da clementine vlc gimp shotwell gparted freeoffice-marubucin freeoffice-calc

Bayan aiwatar da umurnin, za a fara saukewa mai sauƙi, bayan haka duk za a shigar da software ɗin da aka ƙayyade.

Mataki na 12: Shigar da direbobi a katin bidiyo

Shigar da direba na katunan bidiyo a Debian wani tsari ne wanda nasararsa ya dogara da dalilai masu yawa, musamman idan kuna da AMD. Abin farin ciki, maimakon cikakken bayani game da duk hanyoyi da aiwatar da umurnin da yawa a cikin "Ƙaddara", zaku iya amfani da rubutattun rubutun da ke saukewa da kuma kaddamar da komai gaba ɗaya. Game da shi yanzu kuma za'a tattauna.

Muhimmanci: a lokacin da kake shigar da direbobi, rubutun ya rufe duk matakan sarrafawa, don haka ajiye dukkan abubuwan da aka dace kafin a yi umarni.

Bude "Ƙaddara" kuma je zuwa shugabanci "bin"Mene ne a cikin sashen tushen:
cd / usr / gida / bin
Sauke rubutun daga shafin yanar gizon sgfxi:
sudo wget -Nc smxi.org/sgfxi
Ka ba shi haƙƙoƙin yin aiki:
sudo chmod + x sgfxi
Yanzu kana buƙatar tafiya zuwa na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Don yin wannan, danna maɓallin haɗin Ctrl + Alt F3.
Shigar da sunan mai amfani da kalmar wucewa.

Get superuser yancin:
su
Gudun rubutun ta bin umurnin:
sgfxi
A wannan mataki, rubutun zai duba kayan aikinku kuma ya ba da damar shigar da direba mai jarraba a kanta. Zaka iya ƙin da zaɓi wannan sigar da kanka ta yin amfani da umurnin:
sgfxi -o [direba version]
Lura: za ka iya gano duk samfuran da aka samo don shigarwa ta amfani da "sgfxi -h" umarni.

Bayan duk matakai, rubutun zai fara saukewa da shigar da direban da aka zaɓa. Kuna jira ne kawai don ƙarshen tsari.

Idan saboda wasu dalili da ka yanke shawara don cire direban shigar, zaka iya yin haka tare da umurnin:

sgfxi -n

Matsaloli masu yiwuwa

Kamar sauran software na rubutun sgfxi yana da kuskure. Wasu kurakurai na iya faruwa a lokacin kisa. Yanzu muna bincika mafi shahararrun su kuma ya ba da umarni game da yadda za'a kawar da ita.

Ba za a iya cire sabon tsarin ba. Gyara matsalar ita ce mai sauƙi - kana buƙatar sake farawa da komfuta kuma fara da rubutun.
Abubuwan haɗin kirki zasu canza ta atomatik.. Idan a lokacin shigarwa za ku ga sabon na'ura mai kwakwalwa a kan allon, sa'an nan kuma don ci gaba da tsari, kawai komawa baya ta latsa Ctrl + Alt F3.
Kwarewar a farkon aikin yana ba da kuskure. A mafi yawan lokuta, wannan shi ne saboda kunshin da aka ɓace. "ginawa-da muhimmanci". Rubutun shigarwa yana sauke shi ta atomatik, amma akwai kurakurai. Don warware matsalar, shigar da kunshin kanka ta shigar da umurnin:
dace-samun shigar-da muhimmanci

Wadannan sune matsaloli mafi yawa tare da aikin rubutun, idan a cikinsu ba ka sami naka ba, za ka iya fahimtar kanka tare da cikakken littafin jagorancin da ke kan tashar yanar gizon dandalin mai dada.

Mataki na 13: Sanya Madaidaiciyar Aikin Kayan Aiki

Dukkanin ɓangarori na tsarin sun rigaya an saita su, amma a ƙarshe mahimmanci suna gaya mana yadda za a fara kunnawa ta atomatik na NumLock digital panel. Gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin rarraba Debian, ta hanyar tsoho wannan tsarin ba a saita shi ba, kuma dole ne a kunna kwamitin a duk lokacin da aka fara tsarin.

Don haka, don yin wuri, kana buƙatar:

Download kunshin "numlockx". Don yin wannan, shigar da "Ƙaddara" wannan umurnin:
sudo apt-samun shigar numlockx
Fayil din sanyi ta bude "Default". Wannan fayil yana da alhakin kisa na atomatik lokacin da kwamfutar ta fara.
sudo gedit / sauransu / gdm3 / Init / Default
Rubuta rubutun da ke gaba a cikin layin kafin zubi "fita 0":
idan [-x / usr / bin / numlockx]; to, / usr / bin / numlockx on fi

Ajiye canje-canje kuma rufe editan rubutu.

Yanzu a yayin da kwamfutar ta fara, zangon lamuni zai kunna ta atomatik.

Kammalawa

Bayan kammala duk matakai a cikin jagorancin tsarawar Debian, za ku karbi kayan rarraba wanda yake da kyau ba kawai don warware matsalolin yau da kullum na mai amfani ba, amma har don aiki a kwamfuta. Ya kamata a bayyana cewa saitunan da ke sama suna da asali, kuma tabbatar da aikin al'ada kawai da aka yi amfani dashi mafi yawa na tsarin.